How to deal with overly compacted soil

Unfortunately it is not possible to alleviate soil compaction without significant physical exertion. Here are some options:

• Forking in organic matter: cover the soil with 3 inches of light compost and fork it in. When the soil is extremely compact this is very hard work.
• Double digging: this may be necessary if the soil is very compacted. This is very hard work and should be done only in small doses! Double digging will break up the soil and remove all compaction. It only needs to be done once if the soil is then maintained well and properly fed.
• Reduce compaction in the first place: avoid walking or driving on the soil. This is particularly important when the soil is wet or clay-based. Use wooden boards or permanent paths to reduce compaction.